Brackets are the fruiting structures of many different fungi that cause heartwood decay in standing trees. The fungal bodies or brackets appear in spring, summer and autumn, but weakened trees can topple at any time. Note that there are other fungi which also cause decay that are not bracket fungi.

There are many different types of bracket fungi (see the photo gallery below for examples). Some are specific to a particular host and often of little importance in gardens. Important ones that may cause significant damage to garden trees include:

• Ash heart rot, caused by the bracket fungus Inonotus hispidus, attacks Fraxinus (ash), Juglans (walnut), Malus (apple), Platanus (plane), Ulmus (elm) and other broad-leaved trees
• Beech heart rots, caused by the bracket fungi Ganoderma applanatum and G. australe attack a wide range of broadleaved hosts, especially Fagus (beech)

Although there are many different bracket fungi, they all cause similar symptoms, as mentioned below.

Some of the symptoms you may see:

• External symptoms: the first external symptom of bracket fungus colonisation is often the appearance of the fruiting bodies on the trunk (at the base or higher up) or main branches. These can be up to 60cm (2ft) in diameter and may be annual or perennial. This may be preceded by visible crown
  Pulling out some of the seedlings, usually along a row, so the remaining seedlings are spaced further apart. It reduces overcrowded, which can hinder their growth.

  thinning and die-back, but not always. By the time a bracket appears there will usually have been extensive heartwood decay. Since decay weakens the wood, another symptom may be falling branches
• Internal symptoms: these fungi may cause either a white rot or a brown, often cubical, rot in the heartwood; both are structurally weakening. In some cases, the tree becomes hollow and may remain stable, but decay can often lead to weakening and eventual breakage or wind throw. Foresters distinguish top rots, which affect upper parts, from root or butt rots which affect the roots and base of the tree. The latter, such as Meripilus giganteus (giant polypore, found most commonly on beech), are particularly damaging because the whole tree may fall

Non-chemical control

• Unfortunately there is little you can do in terms of hygiene or cultural control to prevent bracket fungi
• Removing brackets to prevent spore release will have very little effect on the overall risk
• Trees have some ability to limit the spread of internal infection by responding to the fungus with natural chemical barriers. For this reason, experts no longer recommend painting pruning cuts with wound paints, since as these age they crack, trap water and may actually increase the risk of infection
• Some trees are known to be susceptible to certain bracket fungi: Fagus (beech), Fraxinus (ash) and Prunus are all very susceptible to specific bracket fungi. There is very little information on resistance within cultivars

Assessing damage

Gardeners are legally responsible for their trees and may be liable for prosecution if damage or injury results from falling timber. For assessments of tree health, or advice on suitable consultants and contractors contact:

The Arboricultural Association
The Malthouse
Stroud Green
Standish
Stonehouse
Gloucestershire
GL10 3DL
Tel. 01242 522152

More information on things to consider when hiring contractors can be found here. 

For identification of decay fungi, contact;

Tree Health Diagnostic & Advisory Service
Forest Research
Alice Holt Lodge
Farnham
GU10 4LH

or, for those living north of a line drawn from the Mersey to the Humber:

Forest Research
Northern Research Station
Roslin
Midlothian
EH25 9SY

(£48 per specimen)

RHS Gardening Advice 
(free, but RHS members only)

Chemical control

There are no chemicals for control of bracket fungi.

The brackets release huge quantities of wind-blown spores, which germinate on wounded wood and penetrate into the heartwood where the fungus forms an expanding pocket of rot. Any pruning that exposes heartwood will increase the likelihood of infection. Most of the fungi described as ‘brackets’ only live on and decay the heartwood, they do not infect and kill the living parts of the tree.

Honey fungus, a destructive pathogen as well as a decay fungus, is not a bracket fungus.