The mystery of the missing herbarium
In 1856 the RHS sold one of the most important collections ever of dried plants in an auction. Can you help the Keeper of the RHS Herbarium find them?
Early on a very cold but dry afternoon in January 1856, botanists and their agents gathered in London to participate in an auction of arguably the most important collection of dried plants ever sold. Around 5,000 specimens from the Arctic to the Cape, gathered over 40 years for the RHS – then the Horticultural Society of London – were on offer. Within hours, the only dried record of many of the plants we grow in our gardens today was gone.
When peace came in 1815 from the Napoleonic wars, the RHS began to obtain valuable foreign plants from outside of continental Europe – plants such as Wisteria sinensis, camellias, azaleas, roses and chrysanthemums. It is a feat that any living plant should have survived the voyage as the ‘Wardian Case’ had yet to be invented, and plants were frequently heaved overboard when the return voyages hit ferocious weather conditions. As a solution gardeners were sent to the tropics to collect and care for plants on the long journeys.
John Potts was the first of these and was sent to China and India in the spring of 1821. His first shipment of plants, seeds and dried specimens arrived in the UK from Calcutta in February 1822. Potts’s success was followed by a series of collectors until 1864. They included George Don, John Forbes, John Damper Parks, David Douglas, James MacRae, Karl Theodore Hartweg, Robert Fortune, Matteo Botteri and John Weir. All of the collectors made herbarium specimens of plants taken for cultivation so they could be named and a herbarium to house the specimens was set up at the RHS’s Chiswick garden.
Not long after the specimens then went up for auction. According to The Gardeners’ Chronicle, the sale was “to make the plants more accessible to researchers”. The fact the Society was in financial turmoil and needed the money was omitted. Building and heating multiple glasshouses was cripplingly expensive; crowds were being pulled away from the Society’s Chiswick Garden to Kew's Royal Botanic Gardens. The herbarium was the victim. Within hours, the only dried record of many of the plants we grow in our gardens today was gone.
Among the lots sold at this auction were dried specimens from some of the world’s most famous plant hunters, including Robert Fortune’s tea plants, smuggled without permission from China after he left the Society’s employ; David Douglas’ conifers, which later changed the English landscape; and even monkey puzzle trees from James MacRae, who survived a mutiny and cannibalism to bring back the seeds. Penstemons came from Karl Theodore Hartweg, Lupins from David Douglas and Robert Fortune brought back Jasminum nudiflorum.
“That was eight years ago. I’ve been dry plant hunting ever since because getting these older specimens back is now vital for completing the story of our herbarium at RHS Garden Wisley. The RHS Herbarium houses more than 93,000 dried and pressed ornamental plants gathered over the past 300 years and includes a potato collected by Charles Darwin.
As more herbarium collections around the world become digitised, many of these lost specimens are popping up. Robert Fortune’s collection, which included Jasminum nudiflorum – a beautiful winter jasmine that arrived at RHS headquarters in 1844 – ended up in Paris as did James MacRae’s Araucaria araucana – the monkey puzzle tree. Penstemon in Karl Theodor Hartweg’s Central American specimens collection found a new home in Lund, Sweden at the herbarium of Lund University. David Douglas’s American plants didn’t go far and are housed in London at the Natural History Museum alongside George Don’s collection of West African plants.