How to grow ferns

What are ferns?

Ferns are an ancient type of plant, dating back more than 360 million years. They don't produce flowers or seeds, but spores instead. They are prized for their attractive leaves, or fronds, which typically unfurl from crosiers (tightly coiled buds) in the centre of the plant.

Ferns are perennials, meaning they live for several years, some dying down in winter (deciduous), while others keep their foliage all year (evergreen). In the wild, ferns grow in a range of habitats, from woodland to dry rock crevices or swamps, but most ferns available to gardeners tend to like shade.

Hardy ferns can be kept outdoors all year round in the UK and need no additional frost protection. There are also some half-hardy ferns that can be grown outdoors in mild areas in the south and west of the UK, or in other sheltered spots if given protection over winter.

Choosing ferns

Ferns come in many shapes, sizes, textures and colours. Most are woodland plants that like shady conditions and rich soil, full of organic matter.

Getting the right look

Consider what you want from your plant, such as:

• Size – most ferns reach 60cm-1.2m (2-4ft) tall, with only a select few being smaller or significantly taller
• Shape – you can choose from bold, vertical growth or low arching fronds, or anything in between. The fronds can be densely packed, or light and airy, and are often intricately toothed, lacy or feathery, but can also be tufted, ruffled or curly
• Evergreen or deciduous – do you want foliage all year round (evergreen) or from spring to late autumn (deciduous)? Some
  Deciduous refers to plants (mainly trees and shrubs) that lose their leaves seasonally, usually during autumn. This is a natural process triggered by the season's shorter days and lower temperatures and allows plants to conserve energy during the winter months.

  deciduous ferns turn attractive coppery shades in autumn
• Colour – you can choose from foliage in every shade of green, as well as tinged with purple, pink, silver or bronze. The stems can be also be various colours, including coppery or dark purple
• Style – do you prefer the natural look of
  A native plant is one that originated or arrived naturally in a particular place without human involvement. In the British Isles, native plants are those that were here during the last ice age or have arrived unaided since.

  native British ferns such as Blechnum spicant, or something more exotic, such as a Japanese painted fern or a tree fern?

How and what to buy

Ferns are available all year round in containers. You can buy a wide range in garden centres, online or from specialist nurseries.

Where to get ideas and advice

To explore and narrow down your potential planting choices, you can:

• Visit gardens that feature lots of ferns and see which ones you like best. Woodland gardens are often a good choice, especially in spring when ferns are unfurling their new fronds
• All the RHS Gardens feature ferns, and all the plants are labelled, so you can note down your favourites
• Ask at nearby garden centres, which should offer a range of ferns that do well in your local conditions
• Go to RHS Find a Plant and search for ‘ferns’ to browse the photographs and plant descriptions, and find out where to buy them
• Visit a specialist nursery, in person or online

Guide to easy-to-grow hardy ferns

Guide to easy-to-grow hardy ferns

RHS guide to choosing healthy plants

RHS guide to choosing healthy plants

When to plant

Ferns are best planted in spring or autumn, as this gives them time to settle in before any extremes of hot or cold weather.

Where to plant

Most ferns are woodland plants that like light or dappled shade. They can usually tolerate some sun, as long as they have plenty of moisture.

Ferns like soil that is rich in organic matter, such as garden compost or leafmould. Most prefer neutral to

The acidity/alkalinity of soil is measured on a pH scale, which runs from 0 to 14. Neutral soil has a pH of 7. Alkaline (lime-rich) soil has a pH above 7, and the higher the pH, the more alkaline the soil. Chalky or limestone soils are alkaline. You can measure your soil pH using a simple testing kit. If you have alkaline soil, choose plants that will thrive in it – acid-loving or ericaceous plants such as rhododendrons will not. Club root disease (which affects brassicas) is less prevalent in alkaline soil.

Ferns can also be grown in large containers.

Most of the ferns readily available to gardeners are hardy, which means they will survive cold winters outdoors (check plant labels before buying). However, you may find some half-hardy or tender ferns on sale. These need to be kept frost-free over winter, so are best planted in containers that can be moved indoors.

Tree ferns are not fully hardy, so give them a warm, sheltered spot. Larger specimens, with the growing point higher off the ground, may survive outside over winter if protected with straw or fleece, especially in milder parts of the UK. It’s best to bring smaller tree ferns indoors over winter.

Prepare your soil

Dig in plenty of organic matter such as garden compost or leafmould to improve the soil structure and hold in moisture. This is particularly important when planting under trees, where the soil can be poor and dry.

How to plant

Ferns are easy to plant and should settle in quickly. They are perennials, meaning they live for several years, and should be planted in the same way as most other container-grown

Perennials are plants that live for multiple years. They come in all shapes and sizes and fill our gardens with colourful flowers and ornamental foliage. Many are hardy and can survive outdoors all year round, while less hardy types need protection over winter. The term herbaceous perennial is used to describe long-lived plants without a permanent woody structure (they die back to ground level each autumn), distinguishing them from trees, shrubs and sub-shrubs.

You can also plant ferns in large containers, either singly or with other shade-loving plants. It’s simple and takes little time – see our guide to planting up containers. Ideally use a mix of three parts peat-free multipurpose compost, one part John Innes No.3, and one part horticultural grit by volume.

Watering

Water newly planted ferns regularly for at least their first year. After that, most will only need extra water during long dry spells. Be sure to direct the water to the roots and not onto the fronds or crown, as this can encourage rot.

Ferns in containers should be watered regularly during the

The period of time when an individual plant is in active growth. This will depend on the local climate and light levels, and can vary between different plants, although it is broadly from spring to autumn.

Can refer to either home-made garden compost or seed/potting compost: • Garden compost is a soil improver made from decomposed plant waste, usually in a compost bin or heap. It is added to soil to improve its fertility, structure and water-holding capacity. Seed or potting composts are used for growing seedlings or plants in containers - a wide range of commercially produced peat-free composts are available, made from a mix of various ingredients, such as loam, composted bark, coir and sand, although you can mix your own.

compost

Those in very dry soil beneath trees may also benefit from additional watering in summer.

Tree ferns need damp conditions and will not survive drying out, so spray the trunk with water regularly, especially during hot or dry spells.

Video guide to efficient watering

Video guide to efficient watering

Feeding

Most ferns planted in the open garden need no additional feeding, but if soil conditions are particularly poor, you could add a well-balanced fertiliser, such as Growmore or blood, fish and bone, in spring.

Apply a mulch of garden compost or well-rotted manure to the soil surface annually in spring, to enrich the soil.
Ferns in containers should be given a general fertiliser, such Miracle-Gro, during the growing season.

Tree ferns will benefit from a liquid feed applied monthly to the trunk, in spring and early summer, or a controlled-release fertiliser scattered around the base in spring.

Weeding

Most ferns form quite a dense clump, which hinders weed growth. Mulching around the base with garden compost in spring will help to deter the

Germination is the process by which a seed develops into a new plant. It starts with the seed coat absorbing water, expanding and splitting, which allows oxygen and water into the seed so its food reserves can be broken down and used by the embryo for growth. The first root (called the radicle) pushes into the soil to anchor the new plant in place and start absorbing water and nutrients. The first shoot (called the plumule) then grows upwards, out of the soil, towards the light.

How to identify common weeds

How to identify common weeds

Division

The easiest way to propagate ferns is by division. There are two main methods, depending on how the fern grows.

Dividing ferns with creeping rhizomes

These ferns produce horizontal stems (rhizomes), which often resemble roots, just below or on the soil surface, as a natural way of spreading.

• In spring, remove one of these
  Rhizomes are creeping swollen root-like structures that are actually adapted stems. Roots, stems with leaves and flowers are produced along its length. See plants such as Anemone nemorosa, bamboo, canna, border iris.

  rhizomes and cut it into segments 5–7.5cm (3–4in) long, ensuring that each segment has at least one growth
  A bud is a small, undeveloped shoot that contains the potential for new growth. Buds are typically found on stems, where they can be apical (found at the tip) or axillary (found between leaf axils) and may develop into leaves, shoots or flowers.

  bud and a small rootball
• Plant each one individually into a small pot or seedtray of multipurpose compost, at the same level it was previously growing. Planting too deeply encourages rotting
• Place in light shade and keep the
  Can refer to either home-made garden compost or seed/potting compost: • Garden compost is a soil improver made from decomposed plant waste, usually in a compost bin or heap. It is added to soil to improve its fertility, structure and water-holding capacity. Seed or potting composts are used for growing seedlings or plants in containers - a wide range of commercially produced peat-free composts are available, made from a mix of various ingredients, such as loam, composted bark, coir and sand, although you can mix your own.

  compost moist

Dividing ferns with several crowns

Mature ferns may naturally develop additional crowns, or rosettes, although this can take up to ten years. Other ferns may look as if they have several crowns, but are in fact a clump of different plants, potted up together by the nursery. In both cases, you can split the crowns apart in spring, using two back-to-back forks, and pot up or replant them individually. This method is similar to dividing a clump-forming

Perennials are plants that live for multiple years. They come in all shapes and sizes and fill our gardens with colourful flowers and ornamental foliage. Many are hardy and can survive outdoors all year round, while less hardy types need protection over winter. The term herbaceous perennial is used to describe long-lived plants without a permanent woody structure (they die back to ground level each autumn), distinguishing them from trees, shrubs and sub-shrubs.

Bulbils

A few ferns, such as some types of soft shield fern (Polystichum setiferum), develop small bulbils (mini-bulbs) along the midrib of the frond. If you peg the frond down onto the soil, the bulbils will root and can then be detached and

Moving a plant from one growing position to another, often from a pot to its final spot in the garden.

Leaf bases

This process can be a little tricky, but is useful for propagating sterile cultivars (that don’t produce spores), especially those of the hart’s tongue fern (Asplenium scolopendrium).

• Dig up a mature plant and carefully peel off several short, dead-looking leaf bases from the outside of the clump then replant the original fern
• Wash these leaf bases and remove any remnants of the frond or root
• Plant ideally into sterilised compost (see below), 1cm (½in) apart, with the attachment point (the green end) pointing upwards
• Place the container inside a clear polythene bag, inflate and seal
• Keep in cool conditions with good indirect sunlight. After three to four months, young fronds should be visible emerging from the newly developed bulbils
• Prick out into individual pots, planting ideally into sterilised compost (see below), and grow on until large enough to plant out

Spores

Propagating ferns by spores is a slow and rather tricky process, but makes an interesting challenge for experienced gardeners.

The majority of ferns produce their spores in small heaps or lines on the undersides of mature fronds. The spore heaps (sori) are pale green when unripe and usually turn dark brown or black when ripe. If they are a pale rusty brown, the spores have probably already fallen. Spores ripen in sequence along the frond (from tip to stem), so you will usually find both ripe and unripe spores on a single frond, especially in mid- to late summer.

To collect spores, place a small piece of spore-bearing frond in a dry paper envelope and keep for a day or so in a warm, dry place. Any ripe spores will fall to the bottom of the envelope, resembling brown, yellow or black powder.

How to sterilise compost

Before sowing the spores, it’s essential to surface sterilise the compost to kill any stray fungal, moss or fern spores. It’s a simple process:

• Fill the pot or small seedtray with John Innes
  Seed compost is a free-draining compost formulated for germinating seed. It often contains a mix of fine materials including sterilised loam, coir, coarse sand or grit. It contains low levels of nutrients, as high levels could damage seedlings.

  seed compost or a 50:50 mix of peat-free multipurose compost and sharp sand
• Place a piece of newspaper on the compost, cut to size so it covers the whole surface
• Carefully pour boiling water over the newspaper until the water coming from the base of the pot or tray is very hot
• Cover the pot or tray with a piece of glass or plastic, or aluminium foil, and leave until it’s cold
• Remove the glass and newspaper when ready to sow

How to sow spores

• Sprinkle the spores very thinly over the surface of the sterilised compost
• Immediately cover the pot or seedtray with clear polythene or cling film, held in place with an elastic band
• If sowing different batches, sow each in a different room to avoid cross-contamination, as the fine spores can easily drift
• Label the batches clearly with waterproof pen
• Place in a cool, lightly shaded place for a month or two, by which time a green film should be visible on the surface - this will gradually form into distinct filmy green structures (prothalli)
• After a further month or so, the first tiny fronds will appear
• When two or three fronds are visible, prick out the sporelings, in clumps, into pots of sterilised potting compost
• Place inside a clear polythene bag for a few days, to maintain humid conditions, as dry air can be fatal
• Keep in indirect light

Ferns are usually trouble-free once established, as long as they’re growing in suitable conditions (check plant labels for details when buying). The fronds may turn brown, especially at the tips, in overly dry conditions. In

Describes soil or potting compost that is saturated with water. The water displaces air from the spaces between soil particles and plant roots can literally drown, unless they are adapted to growing in waterlogged conditions. Waterlogging is common on poorly drained soil or when heavy soil is compacted. 

Video guide to protecting tree ferns over winter

Video guide to protecting tree ferns over winter

There are only a few pests that affect ferns. Slugs and snails may eat the delicate young fronds, while ferns in containers may be attacked by vine weevils.