Existing borders

When adapting existing borders, plant larger groups of annuals,

Perennials are plants that live for multiple years. They come in all shapes and sizes and fill our gardens with colourful flowers and ornamental foliage. Many are hardy and can survive outdoors all year round, while less hardy types need protection over winter. The term herbaceous perennial is used to describe long-lived plants without a permanent woody structure (they die back to ground level each autumn), distinguishing them from trees, shrubs and sub-shrubs.

These are fleshy, rounded, underground storage organs, usually sold and planted while dormant. Examples include daffodils, tulips, hyacinths, lilies, onions and garlic. The term is often used to cover other underground storage organs, including corms, tubers and rhizomes.

bulbs

The cutting garden

If space allows, dedicate a part of the garden to growing just cut flowers. The advantage of a cutting garden over picking from borders is that it avoids depleting beds and borders, as well as providing a more productive planned area for the cut flower gardener.

Plant or sow in rows; this makes weeding, staking and picking so much easier. Take the final spread of plants into account and allow access between the rows. If planted too close together, plants will fall into each other, get tangled and may be damaged, making them less suitable for harvesting. As taller plants are often grown for cut flowers, robust supports are usually needed.

Choosing the site

Cut flowers need a fertile, weed-free soil. Annual applications of organic matter (one or two bucketfuls per square metre/yard) especially to sandy and clay soils help retain moisture and improve soil structure. In dry summers watering may be necessary to achieve good stem length.

Moderate applications of general fertilisers are often helpful in getting tall healthy growth and abundant flowers; for example, Growmore applied at the rate of 70g per sq metre (2oz per square yard).

Mulch is a layer of material, at least 5cm (2in) thick, applied to the soil surface in late autumn to late winter (Nov-Feb). It is used to provide frost protection, improve plant growth by adding nutrients or increasing organic matter content, reducing water loss from the soil, for decorative purposes and suppressing weeds. Examples include well-rotted garden compost and manure, chipped bark, gravel, grit and slate chippings.

Bark is the outermost layer of woody plants (trees, shrubs and woody climbers). It is several cells thick and provides protection against physical damage, disease and environmental stresses. Bark comes in a wide variety of colours and patterns, and these can help gardeners when identifying plants. The fissures and crevices of bark on older plants also creates valuable habitat for many garden creatures as well as lichens and small plants.

bark

Most cut flowers are sun-lovers, but a few tolerant tolerate shade (e.g. Solomon's seal, Acanthus spinosus and heuchera).

Windy sites are best avoided as robust staking will be essential for the taller flowers. Avoid frost pockets if possible.

Choosing plants

When selecting plants for cutting, make sure that they are suitable for the chosen situation. Keep records about performance and source of plants or seeds for future reference.

Annuals: the initial outlay of buying seeds is less than when buying perennials e.g. sunflowers, cosmos, cornflower and larkspur. They have to be sown every year, but this can be an opportunity to try new or different plants. Limited flowering seasons can be extended by sowing in autumn or propagating plants in a greenhouse.

Herbaceous perennials: choose perennials that offer a long season of picking. Include foliage plants. If raised from seed many perennials will not flower in the first year. However, if sown early some such as Achillea millefolium 'Summer Pastels', agastache, echinacaea and delphinium may flower in the same season.

Bulbs: bulbs are great for the cut flower garden as many start flowering in late winter or early spring. Extend the picking season by planting early-, mid- and late-flowering cultivars. Bulbs such tulips and hyacinths may not flower well in following years, so consider discarding the bulbs and planting new stock each year. Bulbs can be forced by an initial period rooting in cool and dark conditions before being brought indoors to flower from mid-winter. Bulbs, narcissi for example, lend themselves to naturalising in grass or

Deciduous refers to plants (mainly trees and shrubs) that lose their leaves seasonally, usually during autumn. This is a natural process triggered by the season's shorter days and lower temperatures and allows plants to conserve energy during the winter months.

Shrubs: evergreens and early-flowering shrubs such as camellia, Japanese quince (Chaenomeles), forsythia and witch hazel (Hamamelis) can provide invaluable cutting material in winter and early spring. However, shrubs can produce abundant ornamental foliage all year round. Allow shrubs to establish and settle into flowering before cutting.

Climbers: a number of climbers are useful as they not only provide flowers but some bear attractive seed heads (clematis) or fruits (roses) as well.

Propagate hardy annuals by direct sowing outdoors or raise half-hardy annuals indoors. Sow seed or plant plugs in rows.

Propagate perennials from seed or divide mature clumps in spring or early autumn. Some can be also propagated from basal cuttings (aster, chrysanthemum, delphinium and lupins) or from root cuttings (acanthus, phlox, oriental poppy (Papaver orientale) and verbascum).

Increase shrubs and climbers by softwood, semi-ripe or hardwood cutting or by layering.

A = annual
Bu = bulb, corm or tuber
Bi = biennial
C = climber
P = perennial
S = shrub
E = evergreen
D = deciduous

Spring

Amelanchier S/D: white blossom
Convallaria majalis (lily-of-the-valley) P: white scented flowers - native to GB
Clematis montana C/D: pink/white flowers
Crambe maritima  P: native to GB and Ireland
Euphorbia such as E. characias and E. amygdaloides P/E: predominantly green foliage and flowers: Euphorbia amygdaloides – Native to GB 
Hyacinthus (hyacinth) Bu: wide range of colours
Magnolia T/D: white, cream, pink to purple flowers
Muscari (grape hyacinth) Bu: shades of blue
Narcissus (daffodil) Bu: shades of yellow and white
Salix cinerea C/D catkins on female plants. Native to GB and Ireland
Smyrnium perfoliatum Bi: yellowish-green foliage and flowers
Tulipa (tulip) Bu: wide range of colours
Viburnum × burwoodii S/D: scented white flowers

Late spring/early summer

Allium Bu: white, pink or purple flowers
Ammi majus A: white flower heads
Aquilegia vulgaris (granny's bonnets) P: wide range of colours. Native to GB and Ireland
Crambe maritima P: native to GB and Ireland
Cerinthe major var. purpurascens A: blue-green foliage, deep purple flowers and bracts
Delphinium P: blue, pink and white flower spikes
Digitalis purpurea Excelsior Group (foxglove) Bi: white, yellow, pink or purple flowers. Cultivar of native to GB and Ireland
Gypsophila paniculata P: white flowers
Lamprocapnos spectabilis P: bi-coloured deep pink/white flowers
Leucanthemum vulgare  B: native to GB and Ireland 
Lunaria annua (honesty) A/Bi: purple flowers, attractive seed pods; (L. annua var. albiflora gas white flowers)
Nigella damascena (love-in-a-mist) A: white, pink or blue flowers, attractive seed heads
Paeonia (peony) P: range of colours
Papaver orientale (oriental poppy) P: range of colours
Papaver rhoeas A: archaeophyte to GB and Ireland
P. somniferum (opium poppy) A: blue-green foliage, range of flower colours. Archaeophyte to GB and Ireland
Polygonatum odoratum P: native to GB
Syringa vulgaris (lilac) S/D: white, pink or purple flowers, fragrant
Thalictrum aquilegiifolium P: purple-pink flowers

Summer

Achillea ptarmica  P: native to GB and Ireland  
Agapanthus P: white, purple or blue flowers
Agrostemma githago A: archaeophyte to GB and Ireland
Alstroemeria P: range of colours
Astrantia major P: range of colours  
Briza media P: native to GB and Ireland
Calendula (English marigold) A: flowers in shades of orange and yellow
Centaurea cyanus (cornflower) A: blue, white or maroon flowers: Archaeophyte of GB and Ireland
Cirsium heterophyllum P: native to GB and Ireland
Cosmos A: range of flower colours
Dianthus (pink, sweet William, carnation) A/Bi/P: range of colours, fragrant
Foeniculum vulgare P: archaeophyte to GB and Ireland 
Helianthus annuus (sunflower) A: yellow to brown
Echinops (globe thistle) P: blue flowers
Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea) A: wide range of flower colours, very fragrant
Nicotiana alata (tobacco plant) A: white, green or pink flowers, scented
Lilium (lily) Bu: wide range of flower colours
Limonium vulgare P: native to GB and Ireland
Phlox paniculata P: range of flower colours
Rosa (rose) S/C: wide range of flower colours, many fragrant

Late summer/Autumn

Chrysanthemum P: wide range of flower colours and forms
Aster P: mostly shades of pink, white and purple
Cleome (spider flower) A: white to pink
Crocosmia (montbretia) Bu: yellow, red or orange flowers
Dahlia Bu: wide range of colours and forms
Dipsacus fullonum Bi: native to GB and Ireland
Helenium P: flowers in shades of yellow, orange and rusty brown
Hylotelephium spectabile P: flowers white to deep pink
Nicotiana sylvestris (tobacco plant) A: white flowers, scented
Salvia yangii (Russian sage) S: grey foliage, blue flowers
Thalictrum delavayi P: purple flowers
Tithonia rotundifolia (Mexican sunflower) A: flowers in shades of orange

Winter

Callicarpa bodinieri var. giraldii ‘Profusion’ S/D: lasting bright purple berries
Cornus alba (dogwood) S/D: for colourful stems coppice regularly
Cornus sanguinea ‘Anny’s Winter Orange’ AGM S/D. Cultivar of Native to GB and Ireland
Corylus avellana (hazel) S/D:  catkins. Native to GB and Ireland
Gaultheria mucronata S/E: white, pink or purple berries on female plants
Hedera helix (ivy) C/E: berries and foliage. Native to GB and Ireland
Helleborus P: green, yellow, white, pink or purple flowers, including Helleborus viridis P: native to GB
Hippeastrum (amaryllis) Bu: indoors, range of colours
Galanthus (snowdrop) Bu: white flowers
Narcissus ‘February Gold’ (daffodil) Bu: yellow flowers, some fragrant
Hamamelis (witch hazel) S/D: yellow to orange flowers
Sarcococca (Christmas box) S/E: white fragrant flowers
Viburnum × bodnantense ‘Dawn’ S/E/: pink flowers, scented
V. tinus S/E: white flowers
Salix (willow) S/D: colourful stems, catkins on female plants

Foliage

Arum italicum ‘Marmoratum’ (lords and ladies) P: white marbled leaves
Cotinus ‘Grace’ S/D: oval purple leaves
Choisya ternata SUNDANCE ‘Lich’ S/E: golden-yellow leaves, also white fragrant flowers in spring
Cynara cardunculus (cardoon) P: silver foliage
Elaeagnus angustifolia S/D: silvery leaves
Eucalyptus gunnii T/E: silvery-grey foliage, best regularly coppiced
Fatsia japonica S/E: large leathery leaves
Foeniculum vulgare ‘Purpureum’ P: cultivar of archaeophyte to GB and Ireland
Gaultheria shallon (salal) S/E: red shoot tips, stout stems good for hand-tied bouquets
Hedera (ivy) C/E: green or variegated forms, berries in winter
Hosta P: heart-shaped leaves, many variegated cultivars
Ilex (holly) T/S/E: plain green or variegated foliage, also berries on female pants in winter
Ilex aquifolium AGM - Native to GB and Ireland
Miscanthus sinensis P: grass
Phormium P/E: sword-like foliage in green, purple or variegated
Pittosporum tenuifolium ‘Tom Thumb’ S/E: bronze leaves
Ruscus aculeatus S/E: native to GB
Salvia rosmarinus (rosemary) S/E: aromatic needle-like silvery green foliage
Zantedeschia aethiopica (arum lily) P: arrow-shaped glossy leaves, also white flowers in summer

Further reading

The Cutting Garden (growing and arranging flowers) by Sarah Raven (Frances Lincoln Ltd. 1996, ISBN 0-7112-1047-0)

The New Flower Arranger (contemporary approaches to floral design) by Fiona Barnett (Lorenz Books 1995, ISBN 1859670806)

These books are available through the RHS Lindley Library.