The aim of winter pruning is to maintain an open-centred, goblet-shaped crown with well-spaced main branches radiating from the trunk. This allows light to reach all parts of the tree and ensures good air flow through the canopy, resulting in better quality crops and fewer pests and diseases.
 
It should be done while the tree is dormant, after leaf fall and before it starts growing again (bud burst), which is usually between November and early March.
 
If you’re new to fruit pruning or aren’t feeling very confident, first take a look at pruning made easy.

Which trees to winter prune

Winter pruning is for established apples and pears trained as bush trees (with a crown on a short trunk) or standard and half-standard trees (with a taller trunk), usually starting four or five years after planting.

Bush trees like these should be pruned every winter  © RHS/Clive Nichols

Use the same method for all types

Apple and pear cultivars can be divided into three groups according to where the fruit

A bud is a small, undeveloped shoot that contains the potential for new growth. Buds are typically found on stems, where they can be apical (found at the tip) or axillary (found between leaf axils) and may develop into leaves, shoots or flowers.

How much to remove

This depends on the tree’s vigour and needs a bit of judgement. Routine winter pruning should remove about 10–20 per cent of the canopy. Pruning too hard will result in a mass of vigorous, upright growth known as watershoots . Take care not to overprune tip-bearers and partial tip-bearers, as this may remove most of the potentially fruiting wood.

Excessive pruning stimulates growth of watershoots © RHS/Joanna Kossak

Tools you’ll need

Make sure your ladder is sturdy and stable, like this tripod ladder   © RHS/Joanna Kossak

  © RHS/Anthony Masi

1. Remove crossing shoots that are rubbing together. Keep the better placed, outward-facing one, unless it’s badly damaged
2. Prune out strong shoots growing towards the centre. You can leave weaker shoots (up to 20cm/8in long) unpruned
3. Look for any downward-growing branches low on the tree that receive little light and could cause an obstruction. Prune to a more upward-growing branch or back to the main trunk
4.  Shorten the previous year’s growth on each of the main branches by a quarter to one-third, cutting just above an outward-facing bud. This will encourage branching and the formation of fruiting spurs (stubby shoots with fruit buds)
5. Leave young side-shoots (laterals) unpruned, so they can develop fruit buds in the second year. Only remove them if they’re crossing or too crowded – closer than 10–15cm (4–6in) apart at the base
6. For spur-bearing trees On older trees, remove or thin out spurs (short stubby shoots with fruit buds) that have become overcrowded, aiming to space them 10–15cm (4-6in) apart along the branches
7. For tip-bearing or partial tip-bearing trees Such as ‘Blenheim Orange’, ‘Bramley's Seedling’, 'Cornish Gilliflower', ‘Discovery’, ‘Lord Lambourne’ and ‘Worcester Pearmain’. Reduce the length of older, long, fruited branches by up to a quarter to a strong younger side-shoot positioned closer to the main trunk. This will prevent the branches becoming too long
8. For larger, more mature trees Reduce excess height or overcrowding by shortening larger branches by up to a third. Prune to a strong outward- and upward-facing side-branch that’s at least one-third of the diameter of the branch being pruned

Pruning overly vigorous trees

If your tree is too vigorous, sending out an excessive amount of growth each year despite fairly light pruning, consider also pruning in summer. Summer pruning depletes the tree’s resources and helps to reduce vigour.
 
Note: this is done in addition to winter pruning, so it’s a little different from the summer pruning carried out on restricted fruit trees, such as cordons and espaliers.

• Spread this pruning between mid-August to mid-September, pruning shoots that stopped growing (ie formed a terminal bud) first
• Look for side-shoots (laterals) where the current season’s growth is longer than 30cm (1ft) and reduce it to 15cm (6in). This will encourage fruit s to form. The current season’s growth is usually the leafy end-part of the shoot, easily bendable and with paler bark
• Only prune the more vigorous side-shoots, not all of them
• Then in winter you’ll need to thin out some of the side-shoots if the growth becomes crowded

Pruning trees that are too big

Even trees that are regularly winter pruned are likely to become gradually larger, making picking more difficult and potentially outgrowing the available space. Ultimately, older trees may require renovation.
 
To avoid renovation, when the tree has reached an optimum size for the rootstock that it’s grafted on, regulated pruning can be used instead of the process described here. This will control the size of the tree without reducing its fruiting.
 

When pruning, you may notice signs of apple canker on the stems – affected growth should be cut out where possible.
 
Lichens and other growths are also more noticeable in winter, but these do no harm, although if they’re present on shoot tips they can indicate poor vigour.
 
The flowers and young developing fruit can suffer late frost damage in spring, which may affect fruit production.
 
Be aware of biennial bearing, when a tree crops unevenly, producing a bumper crop one year, followed a poor crop the next.