Bleeding canker is an infection of the

Bark is the outermost layer of woody plants (trees, shrubs and woody climbers). It is several cells thick and provides protection against physical damage, disease and environmental stresses. Bark comes in a wide variety of colours and patterns, and these can help gardeners when identifying plants. The fissures and crevices of bark on older plants also creates valuable habitat for many garden creatures as well as lichens and small plants.

Trees affected in the UK include Aesculus (horse chestnut), Tilia (lime) and Alnus (alder).

Horse chestnuts continue to be affected by Phytophthora

Holly is affected by Phytophthora ilicis, which is more commonly the cause of leaf blight but can also infect bark, causing cankers.

Alder is affected by Phytophthora alni, which has been shown to be a new species formed by the hybridisation of two other species, neither of which affects alder. P. alni is now widespread in Britain; further information can be found in the Forest Research disease profile. Another species, Phytophthora siskiyouensis, has also been found in recent years causing bleeding canker on alder.

Please note that two of the species capable of causing bleeding cankers on a range of trees (including beech and larch), Phytophthora ramorum and P. kernoviae, are notifiable pathogens. If they are suspected of being the cause of the symptom then this should be reported to the relevant plant health authority, whose contact details can be found on the UK Plant Health Information Portal. 

You may see the following symptoms:

• Reddish-brown fluid oozing from cracks to the bark, drying to a dark, tarry material
• Above the infected area, the foliage may be pale and sparse and the branches may start to die back. Eventually the branch may die
• Cutting away the outer bark over infected areas will reveal a reddish-brown discoloured area of inner bark, with a diffuse edge if the infection is still spreading and a sharply defined edge if it is stable. Healthy inner bark is a white or pinkish colour

Non-chemical control

Infected smaller branches are best removed and destroyed to prevent the spread of infection.

Scrape back cankers on trunks and larger branches to remove the outer bark and reveal the extent of the infection. Exposure of the canker to dry conditions may cause it to dry out and slough off. If the cankers are small it may also be possible to remove the infections by cutting away the dead bark. However, as noted below, if infection has reached the cambium, healing is only possible from the edges of the infection. This will leave the wood exposed for many years and is likely to lead to decay.

Do not take any remedial action yourself if there is a possibility that Phytophthora ramorum or P. kernoviae have caused the symptoms. In this case your suspicions should be reported to the relevant plant health authority.

Chemical control

There is no chemical control available to gardeners for control of bleeding canker.

The genus Phytophthora contains a large number of species which cause root rots, foliage blights, fruit rots and bark cankers on a wide variety of plants. These fungus-like organisms are among the most damaging plant pathogens. They spread by releasing swimming spores (zoospores) into water and may be dispersed in water or in wind-blown rain. They may also produce resting spores that can be spread in soil.

The species that cause bleeding canker on trees infect through wounds and also probably through naturally-occurring cracks and lenticels (breathing pores) in the outer bark. Infections spread in the living inner bark, killing it and provoking the tree to produce a dark liquid which bleeds out onto the outer bark.

Growth of the lesion (infected area) is related to bark moisture content and in dry conditions cankers may stabilise and be sloughed off. However, if the infection reaches the cambium and kills it, the infected area can only heal by regrowth from the edges. Cankers may persist for several years, stabilising in dry conditions and then breaking out again when rainfall is high.

N.B. Bleeding from cracks in the bark of oak trees is more likely to be caused by a problem called acute oak decline (AOD), thought to be the result of colonisation of the bark by a number of different species of bacteria.