Defining Daffodils
The 'daffodowndilly', the ‘Flower of March’, the ‘trumpet flower’… the daffodil has gone by many names.
However, a frequent misconception is that there is a difference between daffodils and narcissi. Narcissus is simply its Latin or botanical name and daffodil is its common name.
Printed engraving of different Narcissus types, from A Compleat Herbal by James Newton, 1752 Credit: RHS Lindley Collections. Click to view on RHS Digital Collections.
Printed engraving of different Narcissus types, from A Compleat Herbal by James Newton, 1752 Credit: RHS Lindley Collections. Click to view on RHS Digital Collections.
Its Latin name has long linked the daffodil with the Greek myth of the youth Narcissus, who fell in love with his own reflection and languished away by a pool of water. A Narcissus flower is said to have sprung from where he died.
However, unlike the classic yellow daffodils in this illustration, the flower in the legend was probably the white and orange Narcissus tazetta, which is known to have grown in ancient Greece.
Colour illustration from A Floral Fantasy from an Old English Garden, by Walter Crane, 1899. Credit: The New York Public Library Digital Collections.
Colour illustration from A Floral Fantasy from an Old English Garden, by Walter Crane, 1899. Credit: The New York Public Library Digital Collections.
Another explanation behind the daffodil's Latin name is its association with the Greek word narco, which is the root of the word ‘narcotic’ or ‘becoming numb’. The daffodil is poisonous and this is one of a number of symptoms if it is eaten.
Nonetheless, the daffodil has been cultivated for thousands of years by some of the earliest civilizations, usually for medicinal and religious rather than ornamental purposes.
Colour engraving of Narcissus tazetta: ‘Chinese daffodil/Chinese lilly’, from Collection precieuse et enluminée des fleurs… by Pierre Joseph Buchoz, 1776. Credit: RHS Lindley Collections. Click to view on RHS Digital Collections.
Colour engraving of Narcissus tazetta: ‘Chinese daffodil/Chinese lilly’, from Collection precieuse et enluminée des fleurs… by Pierre Joseph Buchoz, 1776. Credit: RHS Lindley Collections. Click to view on RHS Digital Collections.
Wild Daffodils
Wild daffodils first grew in Spain and Portugal before spreading across Europe. Wordsworth’s host of golden daffodils, were almost certainly one of the most pervasive of these wild species, the Narcissus pseudonarcissus.
Engraved illustration of Narcissus sorts, described as pseudo narcissus. Drawn and engraved by Crispijn de Passe the Younger. From Hortus Floridus (Arnheim, 1614). Credit: RHS Lindley Collections.
Engraved illustration of Narcissus sorts, described as pseudo narcissus. Drawn and engraved by Crispijn de Passe the Younger. From Hortus Floridus (Arnheim, 1614). Credit: RHS Lindley Collections.
Sometimes called ‘Lent Lillies’, these familiar flowers grew all over Britain until the 19th century. Since then wild populations have declined sharply due to agriculture, woodland clearances and the uprooting of bulbs for gardens.
Watercolour of Narcissus pseudonarcissus (the common daffodil, lent lilly or averill) painted in Sussex by Lilian Snelling, probably in the early 1900s. Credit: RHS Lindley Collections.
Watercolour of Narcissus pseudonarcissus (the common daffodil, lent lilly or averill) painted in Sussex by Lilian Snelling, probably in the early 1900s. Credit: RHS Lindley Collections.