Scale insects are

Sap is a fluid that circulates through a plant's vascular system, in a similar way to blood moving through our veins. Phloem sap carries the sugars produced in the leaves by photosynthesis down to roots and other storage organs, as well as carrying minerals and hormones. Xylem sap is watery and transports nutrients absorbed by the roots upwards to the rest of the plant. Some plants leak sap from wounds or pruning cuts, and this is known as bleeding.

Adult females of this species mature in September or October, they are 5-7 mm long dark brown and convex, immobile and attached to host plants stems. The adult male is winged and pinkish, at only 1.5 mm long it is rarely seen. Males die after mating but the females overwinter and produce white waxy egg masses in May or June. The egg masses are  usually only found on stems and the wax can be pulled out in long threads; these characteristics distinguish this species from other insects that produce white waxy coverings such as cushion scale, fluted scale, horse chestnut scale, woolly aphid and mealybug.

The eggs hatch in June-early July initially the nymphs (crawlers) are mobile before eventually settling down on one year old wood to complete their development.

Large populations of woolly vine or currant scale can leave heavy deposits of sticky honeydew upon which a black non-parasitic fungus sooty mould often grows. Affected plants may also lack of vigour.

The 5-7 mm dark brown insects will be evident upon examination on stems and in spring white waxy egg masses are usually clearly visible.

• Where possible tolerate populations of scale insects. Well-tended healthy plants are able to tolerate light populations of these insects and so they do not necessarily require management
• Encourage predators in the garden, some ladybirds, parasitoid wasps and some birds will eat scale insects
• Adult scales and egg masses can be removed when seen but this may not reduce large populations
• It can be worth considering replacing heavily affected plants