Mussel scale is a sap-sucking insect that lives mainly on the woody stems of its host plants. The small 3 mm long, soft-bodied insects are concealed under shells or scales that resemble the shellfish of the same name. This is one of several species of scale insects encountered by gardeners.

Scale insects are

Sap is a fluid that circulates through a plant's vascular system, in a similar way to blood moving through our veins. Phloem sap carries the sugars produced in the leaves by photosynthesis down to roots and other storage organs, as well as carrying minerals and hormones. Xylem sap is watery and transports nutrients absorbed by the roots upwards to the rest of the plant. Some plants leak sap from wounds or pruning cuts, and this is known as bleeding.

Mussel scales are up to 3 mm long and brownish black in colour. Their shape is similar to that of the shellfish known as mussels. Heavily affected plants will lack vigour and stems may dieback, especially box (Buxus). On apple the scales sometimes spread onto fruits. Old dead scales often remain attached, so the scales can be seen throughout the year.

Light populations of mussel scale are of little consequence but heavy attacks can affect the host plant's growth.  When mussel scale spreads onto apple fruits it makes them less palatable, although the scales can simply be wiped off.

• Where possible tolerate populations of scale insects. Well-tended healthy plants are able to tolerate light populations of these insects and so they do not necessarily require management
• Encourage predators in the garden, some ladybirds, parasitoid wasps and some birds will eat scale insects
• Large populations of mussel scale often develop on plants that are already lacking vigour. Heavily affected plants can be removed and replaced, however apples and other plants in the rose family can be susceptible to replant diseases.

Mussel scale has one generation a year. Female scales deposit their eggs underneath their bodies during late summer-early autumn, so they are concealed by the shell or scale that covers the insect. The eggs overwinter and hatch in late May-June, when the scale nymphs crawl around for a while and can be distributed on wind currents, before selecting somewhere to feed. This is mainly on the

Bark is the outermost layer of woody plants (trees, shrubs and woody climbers). It is several cells thick and provides protection against physical damage, disease and environmental stresses. Bark comes in a wide variety of colours and patterns, and these can help gardeners when identifying plants. The fissures and crevices of bark on older plants also creates valuable habitat for many garden creatures as well as lichens and small plants.