Some plants naturally self-layer, with shoots touching the ground rooting and forming new plants. Examples of plants with this ability include Campsis, ivy, Symphoricarpos and Hydrangea anomala subsp. petiolaris. The layering propagation technique takes advantage of this natural tendency.

Layering is an effective propagation method for plants that do not root readily from cuttings, such as Magnolia, hazel, Cotinus and flowering Cornus species. Other plants that respond well to layering include: Acer, Camellia, Chaenomeles, Daphne, Forsythia, Hamamelis, Jasminum, Rhododendron and azalea, Syringa and Viburnum.

Layering is best suited to plants that have stems that can be bent down to ground level. If this doesn't happen, try air-layering, a technique used to root sections of stem on the parent plant without bringing them down to soil level.

Layering will only produce a small number of new plants. Commercial techniques such as French layering and serpentine layering (see below) are no longer used much, but can produce a larger number of new plants and are feasible for home gardeners.

Layering can be carried out in autumn or spring.

Deciduous refers to plants (mainly trees and shrubs) that lose their leaves seasonally, usually during autumn. This is a natural process triggered by the season's shorter days and lower temperatures and allows plants to conserve energy during the winter months.

There are several methods of layering that can be used. Here are the details for four of the most common.

Simple layering

This technique works well for shrubs with shoots that can be bent down to ground level.

• Choose flexible young shoots on the outside of the plant that can be bent down to ground level
• Mark the point where the shoot touches the ground with a bamboo
  A cane is a slender, straight, length of woody plant material, usually bamboo. Canes are primarily used as plant supports. The fruiting stems of blackberries, raspberries and hybrid berries (such as loganberries and tayberries) are also known as canes, so these crops are often referred to as cane fruit.

  cane
• About 30cm (1ft) from the shoot tip, make a 2.5-5cm (1-2in) incision along the stem, running through a leaf
  A bud is a small, undeveloped shoot that contains the potential for new growth. Buds are typically found on stems, where they can be apical (found at the tip) or axillary (found between leaf axils) and may develop into leaves, shoots or flowers.

  bud (remove the leaf first if the plant is in leaf). This will create a wedge that is propped open with a small piece of wood
• Apply
  Chemical substances that regulate plant growth and development. There are several types of plant hormones, including auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid and ethylene. These hormones play important roles in processes such as cell division, elongation and differentiation, as well as in responses to environmental stimuli such as light and gravity.

  hormone rooting compound to the surfaces of the wound
• Make a shallow trench in the soil, 10-15cm (4-6in) deep, back from the bamboo cane towards the parent plant
• Peg the wounded section of stem into the trench with a loop of thick wire
• Secure the tip of the shoot to the bamboo cane, so that it is growing upwards
• Fill up the trench with soil, firm in and water if dry

Roots should develop within 12 months. When a good root system has formed, sever the layer from the parent plant and transplant to its final position, or into a pot for growing on.

Tip layering

This technique works well for blackberries and

A plant produced by crossing two distinct parents, often different species, to produce offspring that combine the characteristics of both. Hybrids can occur naturally, but crosses are often made deliberately by plant breeders to produce plants with better yield, improved flowering or vigour, or improved disease resistance.

• In mid- to late spring, choose a long arching stem that easily reaches ground level
• Bury the tip of the shoot 7.5cm (3in) under the surface of the soil. Peg it down (if necessary) with a loop of thick wire. Water if dry

Roots should develop from the shoot tip by the following autumn or spring.

Other methods of layering

French layering involves cutting back the parent plant hard in spring to produce lots of new stems near ground level. The following spring, these new shoots are pegged down on to the soil like the spokes of a wheel radiating out from the base of the plant. As side shoots grow upwards from these stems, soil is mounded over them to encourage rooting. By the autumn or the following spring, these rooted sections can be separated and planted out independently.

This technique is only suitable for shrubs that grow vigorously, such as Cotinus, Cornus and Prunus tenella.

Serpentine layering involves looping the stems of climbers in and out of the soil to encourage roots to form at several points along the same stem. The technique for each buried section is very similar to simple layering. Thin-stemmed climbers need not be wounded.

This technique is suitable for climbers with long flexible stems, such as Clematis, honeysuckle, Humulus lupulus, Parthenocissus, Vitis, Wisteria and Hydrangea anomala subsp. petiolaris.

Layers will not root if the soil is dry, so make sure to water them in dry spells. New shoots developing from layers can suffer damage by slugs and snails.