There many different species of scale insects that can suck the

Sap is a fluid that circulates through a plant's vascular system, in a similar way to blood moving through our veins. Phloem sap carries the sugars produced in the leaves by photosynthesis down to roots and other storage organs, as well as carrying minerals and hormones. Xylem sap is watery and transports nutrients absorbed by the roots upwards to the rest of the plant. Some plants leak sap from wounds or pruning cuts, and this is known as bleeding.

Scale insects can be found on a wide range of ornamental plants, fruit trees and bushes grown out of doors. Several species of scale insects are confined to house-plants, those growing in greenhouses or other sheltered places.

You may see the following symptoms:

• Scales or shell-like bumps on plant stems and the underside of leaves. These are the outer coverings of scale insect
• Large populations may result in poor growth
• Some species of scale insect excrete honeydew, which accumulates on the upper leaf surfaces. This can be colonised by a black non-parasitic fungus known as sooty mould
• Some scale insects deposit their eggs under a covering of white waxy fibres in early summer

Check susceptible plants frequently from spring onwards so action can be taken before a damaging population has developed. When choosing control options you can minimise harm to non-target animals by using the methods in the non-pesticide section below. Pesticide treatments are likely to kill natural enemies and are only likely to be successful if the entire plant can be reached.

Light infestations are of little consequence and can be tolerated. The best time to treat heavy attacks is when the more vulnerable nymphs are present, for many scales out of doors this is during mid-late summer. Scale insects on indoor plants can breed all year round and so there is no best time of year to treat. Note that dead scales can remain firmly attached to the plants. The success of any treatment can be gauged by the extent to which new growth remains free of scale insects.

Non-pesticide 

• Where possible tolerate populations of scale insects. Well-tended healthy plants are able to tolerate light populations of these insects and so they do not necessarily require control
• Adult scales and egg masses can be removed when seen but this may not reduce large populations
• Encourage predators  in the garden, some ladybirds, parasitoid wasps and some birds will eat scale insects
• The nematode Steinernema feltiae can be purchased as a biological control of soft scale and hemispherical; it is available from some Biological control suppliers. Nematodes have the potential to infect non-target animals. They should therefore be used with care and only when there is a specific problem to treat

 Pesticides

• For scales on deciduous plants including edible fruits, a plant oil winter wash (considered organic e.g. Growing Success Winter Tree Wash) can be used. This can control the overwintering scale nymphs in December-January when the plants are fully dormant
• With grape vines, peel away the loose outer bark to expose the scales before treatment
• Organic sprays, such as natural pyrethrum (e.g. Bug Clear Ultra 2, Neudorff Bug Free Bug and Larvae Killer) or plant oils (e.g. Vitax Plant Guard Pest & Disease Control, Bug Clear Fruit and Veg) have a largely physical mode of action and can give good control of scale insect nymphs. They are broad spectrum so will kill a wide range of insects. These pesticides have a very short persistence and so may require reapplication to keep scale numbers in check. Plant oil and fatty acid products are less likely to affect larger insects such as ladybirds
• Plant invigorators combine nutrients to stimulate plant growth with surfactants or fatty acids that have a physical mode of action (e.g. Ecofective Bug Control, RHS Bug and Mildew Control and SB Plant Invigorator). These products contain some synthetic ingredients and so are not considered organic
• More persistent contact-action insecticides include the synthetic pyrethroids lambda-cyhalothrin (e.g. Resolva Bug Killer), deltamethrin (e.g. Provanto Ultimate Fruit & Vegetable Bug Killer, Provanto Sprayday Greenfly Killer) and cypermethrin (e.g. Py Bug Killer). These products have long lasting action against insects including those that are beneficial
• Pesticides, with both systemic (absorbed and transported through plant tissues) and contact action, are available. These include Flupyradifurone (Provanto Smart Bug Killer) for  use on ornamentals and selected edibles and the neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid (e.g. Bug Clear Ultra). These pesticides are widely considered to be the most environmentally damaging, remain active for a long time and will kill beneficial invertebrates
• Further information about the use of pesticides available for management of scale insects is available on the pesticides for gardeners leaflet

Downloads

Pesticides for gardeners (pdf document)
Biological control suppliers (downloads pdf)

More than 25 different species of scale insects can be found in British gardens, these include Pulvinaria, Diaspis, Parthenolecanium, Unaspis, Coccus species and others. They suck sap from the leaves and stems of their host plants. They are mostly 1-6mm (less than ¼in) long, although wisteria scale, Eulecanium excrescens, can be up to 10mm (about ½in), and vary in shape and colour.

All species have a shell-like waxy covering over their bodies when mature. The eggs are often laid under the protection of this shell but with the cushion scales (eg Pulvinaria species) the eggs are deposited outside the scale under a mass of white waxy fibres.

The adults are sedentary but newly-hatched nymphs crawl actively over the plant surface and spread the infestation.

Scale insects in greenhouses can breed continuously throughout the year but those species that infest outdoor plants mostly have one generation a year.