Hellebore leaf miner is a small fly with larvae that tunnel inside the leaves of Helleborus foetidus.

The fly belongs to the family Agromyzidae. There are several hundred species in this family known to occur in Britain, many are leaf miners as larvae. More information on Agromyzidae is available from the Agromyzidae recording scheme.

Nearly 900 other insects, including some beetles, sawflies and moths create leaf mines as larvae. More information about some of these insects can be found at The leaf and stem mines of British flies and other insects.

• Only Helleborus foetidus is a host for this insect
• The mines in the leaves are initially brownish-black blotches, but later become sinuous, whitish-brown tunnels
• When numerous most of the foliage can be affected by spring
• Leaf mining occurs during late summer to early spring

Although the mines can cover most of the leaves, H. foetidus plants are not greatly harmed and so the damage can be tolerated. Leaf miners can be part of a healthy balanced garden ecosystem, most species will have natural enemies including parasitoid wasps. Birds such as blue tits can sometimes open mines to consume the larvae within.