Ring-barking or girdling are terms used to describe the complete or nearly complete loss of

Bark is the outermost layer of woody plants (trees, shrubs and woody climbers). It is several cells thick and provides protection against physical damage, disease and environmental stresses. Bark comes in a wide variety of colours and patterns, and these can help gardeners when identifying plants. The fissures and crevices of bark on older plants also creates valuable habitat for many garden creatures as well as lichens and small plants.

To grow well, plants need a wide range of nutrients in various amounts, depending on the individual plant and its stage of growth. The three key plant nutrients usually derived from soil are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, while carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are absorbed from the air. Other vital soil nutrients include magnesium, calcium and sulphur. Gardeners can add nutrients by applying fertilisers (either artificial or naturally derived) to boost plant growth and improve flowering and fruiting.

nutrients

There are three main causes of ring-barking;

1. Careless use of a strimmer or mower around the base of trees.
2. Gnawing of bark by mammals including voles, rabbits, deer and horses around the base of newly planted trees or in very cold weather when food is scarce. Access to bark above tree guards can occur when snowfall is deep.
3. Stripping of bark by grey squirrels, though this is often higher up in the canopy of more mature trees so does not usually result in the tree’s demise.

Deliberate ring-barking: Ring-barking is sometimes used as a technique for killing off unwanted vegetation. However, it is not a recommended practise in most horticultural circumstances as this may provide a source for honey fungus infection and is unsightly. Partial ring-barking or ‘ringing’ is also used in fruit production to reduce shoot vigour and promote fruitfulness but again is not advised for home gardeners as it can, if not done properly, lead to the loss of the tree.

Bark is removed partially or completely at or above ground level exposing the paler inner wood. This can be accompanied by withering, dieback and death of the tree though recently damaged trees and those in a dormant state may not show symptoms initially.

The feeding pattern of mammals on trees is often distinctive; depending on their size and teeth pattern. For more detailed information see the Forestry Commission leaflet on Recognising types of mammal damage to trees and woodland.

In cases where the bark has been damaged but some or all of the cambium and phloem remains, the tree may make a natural recovery. If in doubt, however, attempt repair.

Repair the damage whist still fresh for the best results. Retain as much of the remaining bark as possible to help the movement of sap and encourage healing.

Partially girdled trees

Step-by-step

Step 1: Pare the rough edges away with a sharp knife.
Step 2: Cover the area with a 4cm deep layer of damp moss.
Step 3: Wrap with polythene and hold in place with waterproof adhesive tape. The polythene should be wide enough to completely cover the area and prevent the moss drying out.

Completely girdled trees

Initially the moss and polythene can be applied as for partially-girdled trees but if all or nearly all the bark is gone some form of grafting will be necessary. Grafting is normally carried out in spring when the cambium is particularly active and the bark is "lifting" easily.

There are two methods of repairing a girdled tree:

1. Bridge grafting – this involves bridging the damaged section with scion material (i.e. bark/wood taken from the same species or cultivar of tree, not the rootstock). For small trees this is done by using a side graft. For larger trees an inverted L rind graft is used.
2. Inarching or Approach grafting – a vigorous rootstock is planted alongside the damaged tree and eventually takes over the function of the original roots.

For full and illustrated descriptions of the above grafts, please refer to The Grafter’s Handbook by R J Garner (revised and updated edition 2013) ISBN: 9781845337544, and in particular Chapter VIII Grafting established trees, section “To repair and improve”. There are also resources available online.